Importance of Friedns in Life Essay Example for Free

brilliance of Friedns in Life EssayThrough prohibited the twenty-eight years of my life, I stick had many friends, provided some of them would be called my admirable friends. No star of us can live with discover a friend. In truth, my friends can be divided into three shells honest friends, caring friends, and bibliophilic friends. My first exciting type of my friends is honest friends. Two of their prime traits are trustworthy and dutiful. They can tell me what the matters are with me even though they may not such good friends by and by telling. I remembered that when I had to evaluate my listening records, one of my friends said that my first record was terrible. She pointed out my weaknesses, so I could fix them. When I had difficult times, they helped me out and cheered me up. I was so appreciated another of my friends who I had lent money when I was unemployed in 2005. In addition, she spent time to drive me anywhere to look for jobs. This group of friends usually cal ls me to hang out with them, and we feel really happy unneurotic.I often go the mall with them at least in one case a week even though we cannot find out anything to buy. In short, this type of friends is wonderful for anytime. My bite exciting type of my friends is caring friends. Two of their dominant traits are kind and susceptible. They know how to tell me what the problems are by the softest way. Last year, I got into a car accident. One of them came to see me right away after I called her. She had driven me to work and anywhere for two weeks. When my times are hard, they cover uped me kindly and helped me a lot.I will never forget another of my friends who had fed me for a couple weeks. I too borrowed her $200 at the time I had no job. However, she refused to take it back when I returned. This kind of friends is sensitive to my feelings, and they pay attention to me whether I am happy or sad. We often go out together for dinner or movie. As a result, they are delightful i f I share or take to task about my problems in my life. My third exciting type of my friends is bibliophilic friends. Two of their leading traits are fumbling and intellective.They do not know how to observe on things delicately. By the time I asked my friend that how I dressed, she said that it was too ugly. They are sometimes with me when I confine trouble although they are too prompt in the libraries or work with their computers. They did not even know that I got into second accident in this January however, they helped me out with homework from school. I remembered that when grandfather died in 2001, I had not gone to school for a week. One of them tried to write all of my lessons, and another one tried to explain to me those lessons.Nonetheless, they are not the kind of deal who like to hang out with. They prefer staying the libraries to going shopping. To sum up, this group of people is satisfactory for a study, but they are not concordant with having fun. In conclusion, my truthful friends, my caring friends, and my bookworms have fulfilled my life with many significant things that they have done for me. I think it is important that we treat our friends well with respect and kindness just like they treat us. I am thankful to have those friends, and I will hold on them forever and ever.

Preschool Teacher Hiring Standards, Policies, and Practices Essay Example for Free

Pre civilise instructor Hiring Standards, Policies, and Practices Es registerThe archaeozoic courses of children atomic issue forth 18 important because of their unique usingal involve (physical, cognitive, social and emotional). These needs give the axe still be identified and addressed by profession aloney trained and competent pre landing field or proterozoic childhood teachers. However, attracting and hiring these teachers be serious ch anyenges for groom executive directors.To look to a greater extent pen uply into the problem and help craft a solution, this paper examined the current ideals, policies, and practices in hiring preschool teachers in humans and reclusive schools in Pasig city based on the recommended hiring standards, policies, and practices in the literature, DepEd, and experts. The use up suggests leave standards, policies, and practices in hiring teachers that allow escort that childrens unique developmental needs ar met and that the y shall read gained readiness to proceed to the contiguous trainingal level.CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Background of the Study Children who bear with preschool accomplishment run fall in in primary grades (grade 1-3) than those who do non (Branscombe, Castle, Dorsey, Surbeck, and Taylor 2000 Jalongo, Fennimore, Pattnaik, Laverick, Brewster, and Mutuku 2004 Laosa 2005 Soliven, Guerrero, Barsaga, Palma, Canlas, and Garon 1997). Mutuku. By the time they enter elementary school, they can say the alphabet, write their names, and count comes one to ten.They adjust better, follow instructions, and interact with their teachers and classmates. Because of thparents realize the benefits in the early schooling of children, preschool assimilator enrollment has been suppuration in number, which encouraginges a number of investors to set up preschools. Preschool training is intimatelyly managed by private individuals, organizations, and institutions because of insuffi cient establishment funding for the enhancement of preschool gentility (Neri 2001 Soliven et al. 1997).According to the department of tuition (DepEd), tis, on that point has been an unprecedented growth in the number of preschools both in rural and urban areas in the private sector. The latest directory of private preschools in Metro Manila from the Department of Education (DepEd) shows that thither are 1,477 preschools all over the National Capital Region during the school course of teaching 2005-2006, and 872 preschools during the school course of study 2000-2001 thitherof, thither was an increase of 575 preschools. (see table 1).(See Table 1)(See Table 1) he number latest of private schools in Metro Manila grew from 4,788 in school year 2003-2004 to 6664 in the school year 2007-2008, a 72% showing increase. from school year 2000-2001 to school year 2005-2006 (see table 1). Preschool enrollment in private schools rise from 349,574 in school year 2003-2004 to 410,778 in school year 2007-2008, an 85% increase. Many see preschool study as a profitable assembly distribution channel, but one that entails high costs if one is to stir authentic standards, such as hiring subject and certify teachers and paying higher salaries.Quality tuition in interchangeable manner core better teacher-to-student ratio (the ideal is 110 or 115), a developmentally appropriate curriculum, and quality doctrine materialsall of which translate to higher costs. Ms. Vanessa Morales, stimulateer and administrator of Kids First Discovery Space preschool in BF Homes, Paranaque, wanted her preschool to be different from preschools run by worry people. Her priority is providing quality education on a non-for-profit basis.At Kids First, she has knowledgeable and go through teachers all her head teachers bear masters degrees in Education or Psychology, major in child development (Manuzon 2006). Due to the growing number of private preschools in Metro Manila, there g ive be a great postulate for preschool teachers who are professionally trained to manage the learning needs of young children. To ensure that For this purposeteachers employ are suitable and competent, , DepEd issued DECS Order no 107 (1989) outlining the standards in the organization and cognitive operation of preschools (see appendix A), which admit guidelines on staff requirements. The qualifications of teachers prescribed by DepEd for private schools are Bachelor of lore degree specializing in Family Life and Child Development or Early childhood Education or Kindergarten Bachelor of Science in unproblematic Education with 18 units in Preschool Education and 54 hours of practicum in preschool classes Bachelor of Arts/Science degree in a discipline allied to education, arts, nursing, anthropology, with 18 units of preschool education.Upon appointment, the teacher should have at least 6 units of preschool education, and the requirement of 18 units may be gradually implemen t as follows At the end of socio-economic class 1 9 units Year 2 12 units Year 3 15 units Year 4 18 units.In addition, the sprouting of private preschools are also due to the following 1) most private schools do not accept grade one pupils if they have not been through kinder and nursery or preschools b) they are financially viable and a lucrative contend 2c) humans schools cannot accommodate all preschool-age children and so parents dress them in private preschools 3e) there is a growing number of preschool student enrollment 4f) because of the child sduring their early years, 5the Department of Education (DepEd) is not as inexorable with preschools as with regular grade and high schools or, 6g) parents are both working and the mother is too interfering to give her children their first lessons. 7have become a (Newman 2002). The Due to the mushrooming of preschools grew asthat have been set up forcommercial, business reasons, oddly in urban centers, and the governments insufficient funding towards the enhancement of preschool education, the desired goal of standard quality education for young children may not be achieved. This vast, mushrooming, unregulated and still unsurveyed sector peradventure violating the right of young children to quality education. Due to the absence of control or regulation, these schools would have unqualified teachers, prominent classes, and less infrastructure facilities (Newman 2002). Ms.Irene Bernardo, whosingle and now retiredSomeone who prefers to be anony from preschool tenet setismous and whos up a preschool in her own home after retiring from teaching, acceded that almost preschool teachers are business or psychology graduates, business or psychology graduates, not education graduates, but business or psychology graduates.. In her case, she has a Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education, magna cum laude, from the Philippine Normal College, ManilaUP, Diliman. For her, it is important for preschool teacher s to have a background in education, especially in early childhood development education, which involves a substantial study of the- the psychomotor, affective, psychosocial and cognitive proveations of the childI. Bernardo, m), which get out have bearing on the development of the child. which will determine how and what he will be when he grows up.The preschool teacher should also acquire skills and training in educating young children, them. From agesold . (. http//www. sunstar. com. ph/ nonoperational/ceb/2002/06/13/ behavior/the. mushrooming. of. preschools. html) DepEd also issued DECS Form GPR 3-A (revised 2005) to allot as a processing sheet for proposals for fount of new school (see appendix B). It limits the teaching staff requirements for preschool teachers to a Bachelor in Early Childhood Education (BECED) or Bachelor in Elementary Education (BEEd) with 18 units of Early Childhood Education. In reality schools, student enrollment grows by 300,000 yearly, and some 10 ,000 teachers are demand to be ingestd both year to address the lack of manpower.Out of the 10,000 teachers recommended for hiring annually, 2,500 are intended for government preschools. The hiring of more teachers is needed because president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo has issued an put up requiring preschool education nationwide by 2010. (News Balita, January 13, 2006). In preparation for the launching of preschool education in prevalent schools, DepEd business peoplebut . Theireesbetter teacherstudent, she not savees but also s a. Furthermore,havesan degree P. Last August 24, 2007, DepEd issued Order No. 57 on August 24, 2007, laying down or the Guidelines on Hiring and Deployment of Preschool Teachers was issued as additional guidelines forin the natural selection and deployment of public preschool teachers (see appendix CB).Based on the guidelines, a preschool teacher applicant must must question the Licensure Examination for Teachers ( allow) to be eligibleconsidered for teaching. Preschool teachers in order to teach should bugger off the allow for elementary teachers. There is no let still yet in specific to preschool teachers prospective preschool teachers take the LET for elementary teachers. , fleck there is LET specific to secondary or high school teachers. According to Dr. Rogelio Baybayon, Assistant superintendent of the Pasig Division office of DepEd, the requirements of the LET and the 21 early childhood education (ECE) units (instead of 18 ECE units) d et al.When I telephoned the Pasig DDivision of public schools to inquire on their policies regarding preschool education, and was able to talk to Dr.Rogelio Baybayuin, the officer-in-charge of preschool education,he said that they do not have preschool weapons platformseducation like nursery and prep, and what they have is onlythey only have kindergarten level which is being offered by very few public schools. They do not accept 4 year olds, only 5 year olds for kindergarten, and the 6 year olds are automatically Grade 1 even without going through the kindergarten level or preschool education. Since preschool educations is not yet part of the public school educational ladder.The , unlike the elementary and secondary education, it is mostly in the hands of private individual, organizations and institutions, which are operating without proper government regulations see guidelinescoveringsguidelinesthe renewal of toany administrators when they have been found to v some rules Neri (2001) disclosed a. s Based on the DECS Order No. 107, s.1989 or the Standards for the boldness and Operation of Preschools (Kindergarten Level), the required qualifications for preschool teachers are the following (1)Bachelor of Science Degree with specialization in family life and child development of early childhood education or kindergarten (2) BS Degree in Elementary education with 18 units in preschools education and 54 hours of practicum in preschool classes and (3) Bachelor of Art s or BS degree in a discipline allied to education, arts, nursing, anthropology with 18 units of preschool education (Industry Briefs, October 2001).The job requirements based on the DepEd qualificationss for for preschool teachers are also now being enforced for private schoolsteachers.to be able to teach in preschools. s do not include the licensing or certification, of preschool teachers. However, DepEd sare encouraged requires all public school teachers to undergo the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET). .He revealed that there are some private schools which cannot follow these requirements and DepEd is forced to withhold their permit to operate. In any case, even if He also said that the LET for elementary teachers is for general education, and preschool teachers may take it. tTo qualify to teach For the 21 ECE units requirement, Philippine Normal University (PNU) is their reference. ,(pers. com. Dr. R. Baybayon, February 28, 2008).In the recent LET given by the Board of P rofessional Teachers on September 28, 2008 and conducted in 19 testing centers all over the Philippines, only 17,816 out of 58,471 elementary teacher examineesthere were who passed itThere were o,3who the examination (The Professional Regulation Commission, March 10, 2009). This sloshedsmMan estimated that only 302933% of the examinees are qualified to teach, and are difficulty in the hiring of qualified preschool teachers, mo913,45,56eligible for hiringto hire. Table 2. National Percentage of leaving in the LET Teacher-Elementary Teacher-Secondary Year No. of Examinees No. of Successful Percentage of No. of Examinees No. of Successful Percentage of Examinees Passing Examinees Passing 2002 76,626 27,060 35. 32% 65,106 23,772 36. 52% 2003 75,348 19,765 26. 25% 68,992 18,115 26. 25% 2004 60,614 16,297 26. 89% 58,507 15,860 27.11% 2005 67,333 18,517 27. 50% 61,576 15,945 25. 90% 2006 59,457 17,377 29. 23% 53,303 17,290 32. 44% Former senatorSource Professional Regulati on Commission Licensing of teachers in the private preschools are also being encouraged by the DepEd, an example is the Pasig Catholic College, where their preschool teachers are graduates of early childhood education and are LET passers. The prospect of hiring teachers without credentials may be rampant because of the recent result of the LET. There were few teachers who passed the LET given by the Board of Professional Teachers on August 27, 2006 in 18 testing centers all over the Philippines.It showed that there were only 17,277 elementary public school teachers out of the 59,457 examinees who successfully passed. (Manila Standard Today, October 10, 2006). This is an estimated 33% who are qualified to teach in the public elementary schools and these may not be lavish considering the growing number of student enrollment in public elementary schools which accounts to 12,089,365 based on radical Education Statistics (BES) SY2004-2005. In view of the above, howHow can both private and public schools get teachers who can meet the minimum requirements for teaching in preschools and how can the DepEd ensure that only well-qualified, licensed preschool teachers educators are being hired and will be available in every preschool classroom.?How does the private and public schools cope with the supply and demand of qualified preschool teachers? Student enrollment is increasing and there are not enough qualified teachers to teacher these students. What other options can the government doy take in addressing hiring teachers without credentials? How can the preschoolsy tap sources of potential preschool teachers? has the government . annually . whomis afigure Trequiring nationwide. The combined public and private preschool enrollment increased from 2003 to 2007, from 778, 550831,730 (18. 36%) in school year 2003-2004 to 999,59652,109 (20. 53%) in school year 20076-20087 or 221120,046379 school children were added to the system.More than half of these children (588,81857 , 220) were with DepEds preschool program in school year 2007-2008 (DepEd Updates, March 22, 20097). Mrs. Mariquita de Guzman, Assistant Principal of San Miguel Elementary School, said that their school has four preschool teachers for their 132 kindergarten students with a teacher to student ratio of 148. Miss Letty Flores, preschool teacher of Maybunga Elementary School, said that their school has two preschool teachers for the 90 kindergarten students with a teacher to student ratio of 145. All of their preschool teachers were volunteers from the elementary level who have a degree in elementary education (pers. com. Mrs. M. de Guzman and Ms. L. Flores, April 15, 2009).In some private preschools, principals endure until the enrollment has begun beforehand they decide to hire teachers. As a result, teachers hired are not qualified. only a few qualified teachers are available and teacher to student ratio becomes to 150 (pers. com. Mrs. Susan Garcia, April 16, 2009). ). To address the teacher shortage in the public schools (including preschools), Education Secretary Jesli Lapus announced that 16,390 new teachers would be hired for the year 2007. (The Manila Times, June 4, 2007). lat thsover This e concern for the hiring of preschool teachers will create more pressuresnot likely abate in the near future because the pressures on that strain the local supply and ddemand for and supply ofof qualified teachers.With the increase in becausewill increase more and more private individuals and institutions will are venturinging into the preschool business education, and the institutionalization of preschool education by 2010, that will require more qualified preschool teachers will be requiredto support DepEds travail in institutionalizing preschool education.. . Human capital is the most important resource of any service organization, and the teacher is the most important capital in the educational setting. There are many nonhuman resources that are needed in the sc hools such as classrooms, computers, and textbooks, but these resources are dependent on competent teachers who will put them into good use.The preschool is a labor-intensive operation where the teachers knowledge, skills, abilities, stamina, values, and passion must be carefully managed to achieve its learning objectives (Hearron and Hildebrand 2003). However, in order to achieve its learning objectives, they should hire teachers who possess proper qualifications who can provide learning opportunities that will bring out the best in their students. epartment of ducation, ulture and ports (DECS)A major task of the artment of ucation (DepEd)school administrator is faculty hiring and selecting qualified and committed teachers is a more critical task considering the scarcity of qualified applicants.Teacher qualifications remains to be an issue and with the recent results of the Licensure Examination for Teachers given by the Board of Professional Teachers on August 27, 2006 in 18 test ing centers all over the Philippines, there were only 17,277 elementary public school teachers out of 59,457 examinees who successfully passed. (Manila Standard Today, October 10, 2006). This is an estimated 33% who are qualified to teach in the public elementary schools and there may not be enough considering there the growing growing student enrollment in public elementary schools which accounts to 12,089,365 based on Basic Education Statistics (BES) SY2004-2005.However, in the private preschools but they should meet the minimum required in order to the desired qualifications which is,need to prepare job descriptions that state the criteria like the applicant (1) Bachelor of Science Degree with specialization in family life and child development of early childhood education or kindergarten (2) BS Degree in Elementary education with 18 units in preschools education and 54 hours of practicum in preschool classes (3) Bachelor of Arts or BS degree in discipline allied to education, ar ts, nursing, anthropology with 18 units of preschool education (Industry Briefs, October 2001). Hiring the right faculty is building the future. It is essential that utmost care and attention be given to hiring standards and policies and that execution be done with creativity and patience, since the hiring process is tedious and time-consuming, thus there should be no shortcuts.As the philosopher Spinoza observed at the end of his great work, The Ethics, all things worthwhile are difficult as they are rare (A Re-Examination of Faculty Hiring Processes and Procedures, Academic Senate for California biotic community Colleges, Adopted Fall 2000). The term faculty is defined as a branch of teaching or learning in an educational institution something in which one is trained or qualified the members of a profession or the teaching and administrative staff and those members of the administration having the academic rank in an education institution (Merriam Webster 1991). The faculty is co mposed of all persons appointed for the instruction of students.In a preschool, the faculty or teachers are persons directly involved in handling children. They number a major role in the education of the children since they help in the formation and development of the students especially in their early years. They are accountable for providing environment conducive to learning conditions where children are given opportunities to interact. Thus, the faculty or preschool teachers significantly contribute to human and to the nation towards prosperity by providing learning opportunities that will bring out the best in their students. Hiring is pleasant the services or labor in exchange for payment (Lexicon Webster 1978. ).Hiring involves the following beats advertising, recruiting screening interviewing teaching render, selecting and final interview. Recruitment is defined as establishing a pool of potentially acceptable applicants (Lipham and Heoh, 1974 p. 236). The first step i s unremarkably to post (advertise) the job position usually in bulletin boards of universities, professional organizations, advertise in local newspapers and teacher based magazines. Once the school recruitment officer has received the letters of applications, the peacefulness of the hiring process is accomplished. Faculty hiring is the recruitment and selection of teachers for teaching positions. It involves the following steps advertising, recruiting screening interviewing teaching demo selecting and final interview.Faculty hiring is a major task of the administrative or leadership group of the school and selecting the right teacher is a more critical task considering the very few qualified applicants to aim from. Administrators need to prepare job descriptions that state the minimum as well as desired qualifications of a preschool teacher, these are (1) Bachelor of Science Degree with specialization in family life and child development of early childhood education or kindergar ten (2) BS Degree in Elementary education with 18 units in preschools education and 54 hours of practicum in preschool classes (3) Bachelor of Arts or BS degree in discipline allied to education, arts, nursing, anthropology with 18 units of preschool education. (Neri October 2001) The teachers we need are immersed in discipline, informed professional inquiry and action that results in raising the bar and closing the gap by engaging all students in learning (Fullan 2003). The preschool administrator or principal is usually the one in charge of recruiting the right teachers to fill in teaching positions clearly defined and understood by the selectors, i. e. there is a good and clear job description. The competencies to perform the job successfully are explicit, i. e. the job criteria or person specification have been prepared and are known by the selectors. There is a planned provision for the assessment of all the required competencies, i. e.the skillful assessment stages have been clearly conceived and scheduled.There is a clear policy on how the final decisions are to be arrived at and the final stage procedure ensures that all of the evidence of earlier stages is accumulated and considered before making a judgment (Kydd 1997). Although it can be time-consuming, principals must actively recruit good teachers to their schools. They usually do this by (1) visiting teacher education classes to find promising new teachers (2) providing practicum to student teachers and subsequently hire the good ones (3) talking to teachers and other principals to find quality experienced teachers who might be flavour for new positions.Hiring policies and practices should be carefully crafted so fairness and equity are reflected to avoid legal complaints in the future. Applicants should be notified whether they were accepted or denied and the reasons why they were not accepted. Hiring the right faculty is building the future because teachers play a major role in the education of children they help in the formation and development of children, some of whom will become future leaders of tomorrow. But the right faculty may not mean hiring having a certification or licensure, but one who has a strong commitment to the care and education of young children. There is no wiser or more enduring investment than in the care and education of young children. worthwhile The Research Problem.DDue to the number mushrooming being put up and the governments trigger to institutionalizeeize preschool education by year 2010, in Metro Manila and in the provinces without control or regulation, hiring would is in all probabilitymay be increasingly be intenserampant. DepEds hiring guidelines for preschool teachers prescribe only the minimum qualifications, but there are no clear-cut guidelines on the screening and hiring process for preschool teachers. these schools tend to hire preschool teachers who are not qualified. There is a need to carefully managed preschools to ensure that the intellectual development and values formation of childrenThus, there is a need forere should be specific and customized procedures forscreening applicants and hiring areistowardforqualified preschool teachers who are trained to address the unique learning and developmental needs of preschoolers.(Berk 2005 Branscombe et al. 2000 Brewer 2004 Essa 2003 Estes 2004 Machado and Meyer-Botnarescue 2001). However, Taguiwalo (2005) reported that recruitment is the number one weakness of the Philippine basal education. and eEvery year for the past five years, public schools recruited around 10,000 to 15,000 teachers from a pool of 100,000 new graduates. ,Yet the schools do not always get the best qualified teachers, as evidenced by the poor student performance test results. they Results of the National Elementary Achievement Test (NEAT) in SY 2005-2006 reflected that only 29 percent or 38 of 131 competencies/skills were demonstrated by children.The problem of poor quality of educati on has been traced to a number of factors which include lack of teacher competencies and poor manpower planning (UNESCO and National Statistical Coordination Board 2009). How can DepEd ensure that only qualified and competent preschool teachers will handle every preschool class? HHoH will be informed hiring of professionally well prepared preschool teachers who are committed to caring and educating young children.. Preschool teacher hiring will not be easy considering the scarcity of qualified teachers. ow then can then school administrators ensure that they that they hire qualified and competent preschool teachers who can How can they tap available sources of prospective preschool teachers present?To seek answerss to the inquiry problem, se questions, The government, through the Department of Education (DepED), should come up with clear-cut policies on the operation of these schools whirl pre-school education to children aged three to six years old, Chipeco added. (http//www. co ngress. gov. ph/press/details. php? pressid=931) DepEd should also develop appraises quest not only to regulate and oversee the pre-schools, but also to develop preschool teachers hiring guidelines. DepEd should conduct investigation and close down preschools that do not use the guidelines. thus early childhood education is regarded as their stature priority.Childhood should be carefully defined in all nations as a highly intelligible period of human growth and development that deserves careful educational, social, and political attention and intervention. (Jalongo, et al 2004) However, Nolido (2006) said . firearm the government is not yet capable of putting preschool education in the educational ladder, we would like to stretch it to benefit more five year-old kids particularly in the depressed areas of the country. .. Jalongo, et al 2004et al, page 23number Educational prog for the valet de chambres youngest citizen teachers who are ,m ? Will there be enough preschool te achers who will teach this growing number of student enrollmentissues in the Philippine basic and (LET) (NAT) private preschools hire applicantsare not education graduates or licensed? private .To seek answers to these questions, I will e researcheris Another issue which is very timely is the campaigning of the Department of Education to institutionalize preschool education in public schools. Nolido said preschool education is not yet part of the educational ladder. Institutionalizing it requires a huge budget to the basic education system. While the government is not yet capable of putting preschool education in the educational ladder, we would like to expand its coverage to reach more five year-old kids particularly in the depressed areas of the country, Nolido said.and also the current issues in the Philippine educational systemthe Thus the objective of thisresearch willof the study revieweds and compareds the currentGrowing demand for preschool teacher applicants can be atteste d to the increasing number of student enrollments and the mushrooming of preschools in the metropolis. Drive along any neighborhood and you will likely pass by one, whether it is a small home-based play school or a more structured organization in a bigger edifice. The latest directory of private preschools in Metro Manila from the Department of Education shows that there are (872) preschools all over the capital region alone. Of this total, (217) are exclusively preschools only, defined here as catering to either the one-year-old to 6-year-old age bracket or the kindergarten level which may also include levels preparatory to kindergarten (e. g. nursery, etc.The remaining (55) schools offer elementary education up to 6th grade, in addition to the preschool curriculum. Quezon City has the most number of preschools with 275, followed by Manila with 112. Proximity to residence is criterion parents often consider when choosing schools for their children, just there are many other factor s to bear in mind in deciding which school is best (Neri 2001). Public and private preschools resort to hiring teachers to fill in the demand for teaching positions. The Department of Education has recommended guidelines for hiring preschool teachers, which the public preschools should implement while the private preschools are encouraged to use.Thus, the main research problem of this study is to compare standards, policies, and practices (SPPs) in hiring preschool teachers in preschool andpublic schools with those of privateprivate schools in Pasig City ,and , then compareds each groups SPPs with pass preschool education with the standards, policies and practices in hiring teachers in private preschools in Pasig City the recommended SPPs in hiring preschool teachers based on tie in literature, DepEd requirements, and the views of experts on preschools. point out the gaps or discrepancies between the mandated and actual faculty hiring standards, policies and practices of public an d private preschools in Pasig City.Secondly, I would like to understand the nature and causes of the gaps, and thirdly, I would like to understand why such gaps have been permitted to exist until the present. Purposess of the Study create awareness among the policymakers, DepEd officials, private preschool owners, and preschool principals The purpose of the study soughtoughtis to (1) investigate the SPPstandards in for hiring preschool teachers in selected public and private schools in Pasig City (2)and pinpoint commonalities and differences in their current hiring SPPs and, (3) find out how they measure up to what is recommended in the scientific literature, at DepEd, and by experts.Thus, this study has drawn upwilldetermine whether standards are in line with preschool learning capabilities and requirement for primary grades. s appropriate hiring SPPs for both public and private preschools that can serve ases benchmarks for hiring preschool teachers to ensure that the goal of getti ng the best qualified preschool teachers is met. Theensure that both public and private schools crack preschool education in Pasig City are able to hire the most qualified and competent preschool teachers and that ensure that there are standards, policies and practices in hiring preschool teachers in public and private schools in Pasig City. is that they together withmajority if not alleto review and canvass their preschool teaching hiring standards, policies and practices.This assist in the hiring of preschool teacherswill enfrom a wider market and whose qualifications meet the preschool learning competencies. Research Questions In order to answer the research problem, the following research questions were looked intoarewere What are the recommended faculty hiring SPPsstandards, policies, and practices for preschool teachers based on related literature, DepEd guidelines, and the views of experts and administrators? What are the reported and/or actual hiring SPPsfaculty hiring s tandards, policies, and practices for preschool teachers in both of public and private schools in Pasig City offering ECE? How do the reported and/or actual faculty hiring SPPstandards, policies.

Learning by Doint Essay Example for Free

discipline by Doint EssayYour states statute that defines what is considered to be a diffuse record that must be made addressable to the earth upon request. Public Records argon documents, papers, letters, maps, books, tapes, photographs and computer-based or generated information. Access to public records is available to both local nonresidential individuals of atomic number 31. Residents of gallium have the right to Public records under the Georgia open Records Act. Nonresidents of Georgia have the right to public records under the instruction of the Attorney General. Under the Open Records Acts, Georgia mandated Every state department, agency, board, bureau, commission, public corporation, authority, county, municipal corporation, school regulate and other political subdivision, department, agency, board, bureau, commission, authority and alike(p) body of each county, municipal corporation or other political subdivision of the state city, county, regional or other au thority established pursuant to state law and non-profit organizations that receive more than leash of their funds from a direct allocation of state funds from the governing authority of an agency.The archives Georgia states statue define a public record that should be made available to public upon request argon Court Records, Criminal Records, Birth Records, Death Records, Marriage Records, Divorce Records, and Genealogy records. administration meetings, election results, crime statistics, home deeds, annual tax on homes and vehicles, and food service inspections are open to the public as well. (Baker, 2008) The pre-World War I opinion by the U. S. Supreme Court holding, on re-argument, that a national income tax was unconstitutional. Prior to World War I the United give tongue tod had few taxes. The political relation was supported by internal taxes.The U. S. Supreme Court decided that the income tax was unconstitutional be face it was not apportioned among the states in con formity with the Constitution. Protesters were in favor of the decision. (Siegal) The federal statute authorizing the U. S. Secretary of Transportation to develop payments to states for the appreciate of materials stockpiled near federal highway construction projects in conformity with the project specifications. The federal governments provides the state with backing for projects such as highway reconstruction. No funding is given unless the secretary follows up with inspections.There are several administrations that aid in the department of transportation such as Federal Aviation brass (FAA , Federal Highway judgeship (FHWA), Federal Motor Carrier Safety, Administration (FMCSA), Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), Federal Transit Administration (FTA), Maritime Administration (MARAD), National Highway Traffic Safety, Administration (NHTSA), superpower of Inspector General (OIG) , Office of the Secretary of Transportation (OST), Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Admi nistration (PHMSA), interrogation and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA), Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation (SLSDC) and the Surface Transportation Board. The federal joint regulation of the U. S. Fish Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Department of Commerce, identifying the factors for listing, delisting, or reclassifying menace species.The federal joint regulation of the U. S.Fish Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Department of Commerce, identifying the factors for listing, delisting, or reclassifying endangered species provides a list of endangered species or are in danger or bonny endangered. Issues that are addressed are the present he present or threatened destruction, modification, or stifling of its habitat or range, over utilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes, disease or predation, the inadequacy of exist regulatory mechanisms and other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence. Plans to protect natural resources are tackled. recovery and protections plans are likewise addressed. The department of commerce promotes economic growth.The department focus on the creation of jobs and the sweetener of living standards. Your states administrative regulations specifying the licensure process for historical estate agents. The Georgia real estate and commission boards determine the regulations for the licensure process for real estate agents. There job is to ensure the housing grocery is fair and honest. Background checks are performed and successful completion of education is required. There is also a real estate test to be taken before an individual can practice. Georgia also has real estates schools. The local ordinance in your municipality governing noise. There are several cities which have laws prohibiting noise in a higher place a certai n level.In the state of Georgia, it unlawful for any person to make, continue or cause to be made or continued any loud or excessive noise which unreasonably interferes with the comfort, response, health and safety of others within the jurisdiction of the city. For example, the younger generation install systems in their vehicles which allows their vehicles to play music really loud. The music is so loud it causes other vehicles to feel the vibration. This excessive noise is a violation of the Georgia noise ordinance. The noise ordinance does not only pertain to music in a vehicle, it pertains to a television, pets that make noise, machinery, and emergency signaling devices.The most recent opinion of your states highest appeals coquette describing the extent to which the state constitution requires that the power of eminent domain be exercised only for a public use. Recently, Augusta, Georgia, did some reconstruction with the roads on Mike Padgent High way due to so galore(post nominal) deaths. The deaths were ca utilize by the accidents on the highway because there is no turning lane. The only solution was to widen the highways and make a turning lane. In order to do so, land must be purchase from the homeowners and used to extend the highway. The state was in favor of this opinion because is would save so many life on Death Highway. A recent federal trial court decision in your federal district describing the standard for summary judgment in federal court. Barnes vs. Zaccari is a very significant court look which lead to setting a standard for summary judgment is federal court. The Barnes VS. Zaccari drive The president of Valdosta State University, Ronald Zaccari expelled Thomas Hayden Barnes for exemplifying a clear and present danger to other students on campus. Barnes sued Zaccari in the federal courts because he did not receive a warning before he was withdrawn from school. Barns won the his case against Zaccari. The case describe the violation of the due process clause which claims that Barnes was due notice on the charges against him. Ley, 2012) A law-review article published within the past five (5) years about libel law and political campaign advertisements.It never fails during campaign season, there are always political advertisement with candidates bashing their opponents. Political parties get by against their parties make statements about what their opponent stands for. The advertisements are used to expose individuals to the U. S. citizens in hopes to gain votes. There are certain statements that are on the verge of defamation. Defamation is providing false information that can be proved false on an individual that harms that persons reputation. Opinions which express negativity on someone is also protected by the first amendment.

Young Goodman Brown | Analysis

Young Goodman Brown AnalysisThe conflicts in the midst of the everyday battles and forces of good and slimy are portrayed the business relationship, Young Goodman Brown. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses many symbolic elements, from the characters names in the tier and through break until its delusional ending. They show us that sin is a part of human spirit and that no man is perfect beyond any means.The presence of evil appears as Brown begins on his journey. He had taken a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest, which barely stood a post to let the narrow path creep through, and closed immediately behind it. Forests are used to present wickedness, evil and danger. The road that is to be travelled is very dark and small, and it is enveloping him as it closes swiftly behind him, displaying the desertion of his faith. What if the devil himself should be at my very elbow This symbolizes that he is, in fact, walking along side the devil on this dreary road into t he forest. Moments later a companion appears, Young tells him, Faith unploughed me back awhile, which explains that he had been faithful to his beliefs for some time, and then decided to cross over to the evil world. This utter it could be that this companion is in fact the devil himself, when his staff is noticed, bore the likeness of a with child(p) black snake, so curiously wrought, that it might almost be seen to twist and wriggle itself, like a living serpent. The staff being referred to as a serpent, can be compared to the serpent in the story of Adam and Eve. This is an excellent reference to how certain things in keep can be deceitful, and the knowing of what is powerful and wrong.There comes a point in the story where Goodman Brown states, Is that any reason why I should quit my dear Faith, and go after her? This is when he begins to question his journey on the road amid good and evil. It is then suggested by his companion, Sit here and rest yourself awhile and when y ou feel like travel again, there is my staff to help you along. The devil is now leaving behind the sole key and the authorization for Brown to join him in the world of evil and corruption, and then he walks away. This plays out in bearing as it is known today.As Browns journey into the forest continues, he hears voices and decides to hide. It vexed him the more, because he could have sworn, were much(prenominal) a thing possible, that he recognized the voices of the minister and Deacon Gookin, jogging along quietly, as they were riding habit to do, when bound to some ordination or ecclesiastical council. This is a symbolization of betrayal. With the Minister and Deacon out in the forest in the middle of the night, and the previous symbols involving the devil, Goodman Brown might have a mental picture of being betrayed by his faith and feel alone. While he still gazed upward, into the deep arch of the firmament, and had displace his hands to pray, a cloud, though no wind was stirring, hurried across the zenith, and hid the brightening stars. The thought of being throw out overcomes him and he begins to pray to the heavens but is surrounded by the forest and its evils. The cloud symbolizes the dangers of allowing your surroundings, family and friends to become a blind fold and shield ones eyes from their beliefs.Eventually young Goodman Brown reaches the circle of the wicked, their voices joined in song. This dreadful anthem was joining the sounds of the nature and wilderness around him. Fire is represented here, which could also symbolize the anger and the passion for the fight of good and evil. The devil now begins his sermon, Depending on one anothers hearts, ye had still hoped, that sexual morality were not all a dream. Now are ye undeceived Evil is the nature of mankind. Evil essential be your that happiness. Welcome again my children, to the communion of your race Even from the beginning of the story, it is foreshadowed that this whole story i s in fact a dream. Hawthorne states in the beginning A lone woman is troubled with such dreams, gives an indication that this is a dream. Also, the reference to evil being a nature of mankind and of it being your only happiness is extremely wicked and satanic.The ending of the story does in the end rest the mind that this was in fact a dream. A stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not a dreadful man, did be become, from the night of that fearful dream. It appears that the realization of disbelief in his faith, Brown woke up and lived the rest of his life as a bitter and untrusting man. And this states that the devil got the best of him.Nathaniel Hawthorne does an excellent job utilizing symbolism in this story to depict a real life battle that many of the human race make out with everyday. The dark forest that Brown traveled, was not just a setting in the story, but an spokesperson of the journey though everyday life. And Young Goodman Brown shows us that it is ea sier to get side tracked on the right paths and travel on the wrong side.

The definition of financial terminology within the market

The definition of financial terminology within the market placeDid you know what the financial institution is? The definition of financial institution is an organization that invests the chiefly in financial assets such as securities and loans rather than in tangible property. In the financial institutions, there have include m some(prenominal) parts, such as banks, consumer pay companies, trust companies, savings and loans, insurance companies, credit unions, pension bullion, and the mutual property.What is the financial market? Financial markets is a market which for the exchange of the capital and credit, it including the money markets and the capital markets. In relations, governmentand individualsoftenneed to stomach the bullion. Incomeindividuals andcompanies benowspendingmorethan they,so they have bullion available toinvest. Individuals and organizationsgatheredto takemoneyandthose who havesurplus. The financial market corporation be divided into two groups, that is m oney market and capital market. Moneymarket is acreationand suppliersofshort term funding requirementsand the financialrelationship. The maturenessis within one year. The capitalmarket is amarket, so thatsuppliers anddemandersto tradelong-term capital. The investors encounter advanced risks in those securities argon including liquidity risk, default risk, maturity risk and inflation risk. These two financial markets besides can divide into primary market and secondary market.Next, I want to Identify and discuss the terzetto dissimilar ways for enchantring capital or fund from savers to borrowers in the financial market. The first ways is straight off dislodges of money and securities. This will occur when a line of credit sells the bond and stocks directly to the savers without going to through any types of the financial institution. It is the business that delivers its securities to the savers, and who in turn give the firm the money it needs. The second ways is the invest iture banking house. The enthronement banking house is an organization that can distributes or underwrites the new investment securities and in any case attend to business obtain financing. For an example, the person name Merrill Lynch is underwrites the issue. The underwriter is serves as a middleman. It also facilitates the issuance of the securities. The follow who sells the stocks or bonds to the investment bank, the major reason is they want to sells these same securities to the savers. The last ways for transferring capital or fund from savers to borrowers in the financial market is financial intermediaries. The financial intermediaries is the specialized financial firms that facilities the transfer of notes from the savers to demander of capital. The financial intermediary is such like a bank or mutual fund. It is simply to transfer the money and securities between the firms and the savers. They literally want to create the new financial products. Here, the intermediary obtains funds is from the savers in exchange is for its own securities. Then, the intermediary will use this money to buy and also hold the business securities. In addition, the existence of intermediaries atomic number 18 greatly to increases the efficiency of money and capital markets.In the financial intermediaries also have many perishs. The first functions of the financial intermediaries argon to reduce the transaction terms. A transaction cost is a cost that incurred in making in an economic exchange. Usually this is restated of the cost of the participating in a market. For an example, if you are a businessman, you want to open a fruits stall. Lets say you want to sell watermelon. You meditate buying the watermelons from a fund. To purchase the watermelons, your costs are not only paying for the price of the watermelons itself. why? Because you need to use your energy and effort it requires to find out what types of the watermelons that you prefer, the cost of travelling from that store to your house, where can you get the stock of watermelons, can get the watermelons at what price, the effort of the paying itself and also the time when you delay in line. These all costs are really above and beyond the cost of the watermelons are the transaction costs. The second functions of the financial intermediaries are the facilities such as saving deposits, online banking to pay the bills, online checking your saving account, money transfer and former(a)s that can be liquidity. These all are provided generally by credit unions, banks, and the finance companies. The future(a) function of the financial intermediaries are risk sharing. While, the risk sharing is a risk management method in which the cost of the consequences of a risk is distributed among with the several of the participants in an enterprise.Next, I want to explain about the classes of intermediaries. in that respect have seven classes of the intermediaries. The first classes are moneymaking (prenominal) banks. Commercial banks is the traditional financedepartment storeinto awide variety ofsavers and borrowers. Expandingthe services provided,including stockbrokerage services andinsurance coverage. Commercial banks are quite different from the investment banks. Commercial banks can lend money, while an investment bank is help companies to raise the capital from other parties. The second classes are savings and loan associations. This is the served individual savers and residential and commercial mortgage borrowers. It takes the fund of many small savers and then will lend this money to the home buyers and other type of borrowers. In the analysis of credit, it is setting up a loan, so that the collections of personal savings are more than expertise, so they reduce the costs and improve the availability of real estate loans. The third classes are mutual savings banks. This is similar with SLs, operate the principally in the northeastern states, and accept the savings prim arily from individuals. It also lend the mainly on a long-term basis to the home buyers or consumers. The next classes are credit union. Credit unions are the members of the associationof their cooperationshould have acommon bond. The members savings are loaned only to other members, usually is for the home improvement loans, auto purchases etc. Its often the cheapest source of the funds available to the individual borrowers. Other classes are the pension funds. It means the retirement plans are funded by corporations or government agencies for their workers and the administered primarily by the trust departments of commercial banks or by lifetime insurance companies. on that point have two plans of the pension funds, defined benefit plans and defined contribution plans. Another class is the life insurance companies. That is the participate in the annualpremiumin the formofsavings, real estate, bonds, mortgageloans, investmentin stocks,ultimatelythese fundsto the insuredspayment t o the beneficiaryparties. The last classes are mutual funds. The mutual funds are the corporations that accept money from the savers and then they use these funds to buy the stocks, long-term bonds, or short-term debt instruments issued by business or government units. The pools funds and thus reduce the risks by diversification. The different fundsof different types ofsavingsdesigned to meetthosegoals. There are literally thousands of different mutual funds with dozens of different goals and purposes.In this assignment, I had already explain the definition of financial market, the three different ways for transferring capital or fund from savers to borrowers and also the classes of intermediaries. I know that the financial institutions are in truth important not just for a businessman, also for everyone.

Strategies to Improve Health in Glasgow

Strategies to Improve wellness in GlasgowImproving the wellness of the citizens of Glasgow. healthThe man Health Organisation (WHO) definesHealth is a state of complete physical, mental and neighborly well-being and non merely the absence of disease or infirmity. This definition is un tackd since 1948.1Demography of GlasgowAccording to the 2002 census, Glasgow has a people of virtually 580,000. This is to a greater extent(prenominal) than 10% of the total universe of discourse of Scotland that is just everyplace 5 million. The metropolitan theater of operations of Glasgow ho accustoms intimately 1.7 million people. It is the largest urban center in Scotland and 4th largest in the UK. Slightly fewer than 24% of the population of Glasgow atomic number 18 be upset the age of 20 and slightly more than 15% atomic number 18 aged over 65 with most 7% over 75. This is similar to the rest of Scotland.2The ethnic mix is 96.5% white, 2.5% Asian, 1% Black, Chinese and other ethni c groups.3Indices of deprivation were updated in 20074 for England tho slightly different indices ar used for the four-spot home nations of the UK. The frugal index was produced in 2006.5 Although there are slight differences in the criteria, eastern Glasgow has the closely deprived areas in the whole of the UK. However, Glasgow is a mixed conurbation with many affluent areas too.Health InequalitiesThe NHS was hypothetical to remove health inequalities but has failed to do so. The Black Report, commissioned in 1977 and published in 1980 rear that little had removed in terms of health inequalities.6 Sir Donald Achesons Report of noember 1998 found little evidence of improvement.7 A seminal paper by Dr Julian Tudor Hart in 1971 coined the inverse care law.8 In areas with just about sickness and death, general practitioners book more work, larger lists, less(prenominal) hospital support and inherit more clinically in put togetherive traditions of consultation than in the hea lthiest areas and hospital doctors shoulder heavier case-loads with less staff and equipment, more obsolete buildings and suffer recurrent crises in the availability of beds and replacement staff. These trends can be summed up as the inverse care law that the availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the want of the population served.Tackling health inequalities is a major component of the Governments health policy. There are plenty of publications9 but little evidence of change. Health and life expectancy nominate improved through all strata of society but the gradient down the brotherly classes remains or has expanded. Some contest that this is a disgrace whilst others say that provided that there is improvement in all sections that this is an exertion.The WHO Commission on the social Determinants of Health10 was chaired by Sir Michael Marmot and looked at health inequalities non only in inadequate nations but also in the rich. It found that children born in the Calton area of Glasgow ordain live, on average, 28 eld less than a person living eight miles awayinLenzie, East Dumbartonshire. There the life expectancy is 82 years compared with 79 for the whole of the UK. A Calton resident has a life expectancy of 54 years. The report said crowing death range were generally 2 times high in the most deprived move of the UK than in the most affluent. Throughout the country and through all social classes, women live, on average, five years longer than men.11Mortality rates are high in Scotland, higher in Clydeside and even higher in Glasgow. They are especially high in areas of deprivation. Decreases in deaths from coronary heart disease (CHD) have been offset by increases in deaths from liver disease and suicide.12The challengeGlasgow is probably the most challenging city in the UK to improve health, if not the most challenging in the European Union (EU). The incidence of CHD and blastoff is the highest in Western Europe and most of this is attributable to modifiable insecurity factors.13 Rates of cancer are also high. The incidence of lung cancer is 77 per 100,000 in Western Scotland compared with 49 per 100,000 in the rest of the UK and most of this is accounted for by smoking fit outs.14 Glasgow has been called the UKs fattest city15 Obesity is well known as a risk factor for CHD and diabetes but it also contributes to the risk of many cancers. The WHO says that obesity is second only to smoking as a father of cancer.16If improvement in the health of Glasgow was aimed purely at reducing smoking and obesity it could have a major impact on health. Other areas where there whitethorn be epochal profit are a reduction in drug and alcohol abuse and safe sexual practices. Substance abuse and sex are related. Most prostitutes work to fund a drug habit and often injudicious sex occurs when intoxicated by drugs or alcohol. Intravenous drug use and sleeping around spread hepatitis B and HIV. Hepatitis C is very common with intravenous drug use but is less commonly sexually transmitted. Accidents and much violence result from intoxication, especially with alcohol. Between 1960 and 2002, the death rate from cirrhosis of the liver in men rose by 69% in England and Wales and 106% in Scotland. Amongst women it rose by nearly half.17 Improving mental health is also extremely important.18 It is often joined to substance abuse but it is difficult to decide if mental illness is caused by drug or alcohol abuse or a result of it. citizenry often have more than one risk factor. This is why doctors use tables that examine several parameters to assess an individuals risk.19 Those in cast down social classes are more likely to have multiple risk factors. For males, 30% in social class V have at least two or three high risk behaviours compared to fewer than 10% in social class I. For females, the figures are 20% and fewer than 5% respectively.20Some benefit may be obtained from improved medical s ervices. Governments may help with alleviating poverty and economic regeneration but most preventive will be aimed at getting the individual to take responsibility for his own health. He has to generalize the problem. He must want to change. He must be empowered for his own good. There is a vast amount of health advance material that is readily available.21A single agency is peculiar(a) in what can be achieved. It is important that many agencies and all levels of society should feel part of this keen challenge to change the ways and the attitudes of the people of Glasgow.Government actionImproving medical services to sleep with with those who suffer from the important diseases should improve outcome but disease prevention offers hope of a much greater improvement. Most of the risk factors for illness and premature death are modifiable and amenable to change by the individual.Legislation may come from the EU, UK or Scottish Government. It may change behaviour as in banning smok ing in public places or it may address poverty and lamentable housing. Poverty is bad for health but poverty applies only to the lowest in the social shell whilst there is a gradient of health and life expectancy right across the social classes.22 The benefit of giving money to scummy families is unclear.23Laws may aim to curb tobacco or alcohol use. acme taxation reduces tobacco consumption24 and there are a number of ways of other ways of reducing alcohol consumption too.25 Subsidy as well as taxation may make honorable food more attractive and un water-loving food less so.26Governments must assure funding for health packaging campaigns and may help with coordination across various departments. The NHS is an obvious department to be involved in both health promotion and provision of medical services. Education may be important in trying to change both association and attitudes amongst young people. It can help to develop an interest and knowledge in healthy eating and cooki ng. It can aim to change attitudes to tobacco, alcohol and drugs and encourage an ethos of exercise. The Department of dish out and Industry may be involved in economic regeneration. Both the police and courts may be able to direct people with problems related to drug or alcohol abuse towards care quite a than just a punitive system.The process of changeHealth promotion aims to get individuals to change to a healthier lifestyle. This is not easy to achieve. Change is rarely easy. It involves the individual going through several steps on the way to achieve a lasting change in habit and attitude.Health promotion initiativesThe mechanism for health promotion is normally mass media campaigns. They seem to work for smoking cessation27 and even in changing sexual behaviour in young people.28 However, there is very little evidence about long term effects.Campaigns may be aimed at one facet or multiple risks. For example, diet, system of weights and exercise are intimately entwined. Thi s may spill over into smoking, alcohol and drug abuse. Health promotion may be at a national, community or individual level. The individual level is usually when a patient is seen in a medical setting, especially general practice.Simply exhorting people to change is not enough. It must be facilitated. Most general practices have antismoking clinics where support, advice and even prescriptions to help withdrawal may be had. The subject has been extensively reviewed by both CKS29 and NICE.30 People must be helped to appreciate what is healthy food and that it is not more expensive than their traditional diet. Fun runs are of limited value as they are an isolated event. Changes in diet and exercise must be for life. The individual must find a form of exercise that he can manage and he likes or he will not persevere. Counselling and support for substance abusers must be available. Methadone can give stableness to the life of a heroin user31 and acamprosate can reduce the craving for al cohol32 but counselling must not be ignored.Long term changeIn Europe it is usually suggested that inequalities in health are the result of inequalities in income. In the USA they focus on health literacy33 and suggest that it is inequality in education that is responsible. As income and education tend to be related it is possible that one is a surrogate for the other. Health is worse in those of lower intelligence but this does not account for all the discrepancy.34.People from poorer backgrounds are more likely to smoke.35 Smoking is the main cause of differences in death rates in middle age across socio-economic groups. In men between 35 and 69 years, it accounts for 59% of social class differences in death rates.36 They are more likely to be obese37 and this may be linked to the higher incidence of diabetes.38 Abuse of alcohol is more prevalent as is drug abuse. They are more likely to experience teenage pregnancy39 and to be involved in accidents.40 Accidents are a major cause of death and disability in those under 45.41 They are more common in lower social classes and in males more than females. This is not just due to high risk jobs as both poverty42 and lower social class43 are risk factors for children too. There is also a relationship between poverty and poor mental health.44 However, as poor mental health causes social decline the question of cause and effect arises.Perhaps the most important aspect of long term health improvement is improvement in general education. Health literacy is closely related to general literacy.45 People of poor health literacy have poor lifestyles, they present late with disease and are poor in compliance with management. Those with poor educational achievement have a dead end job or no job. They have low egotism esteem and are more likely to abuse drugs and alcohol, to smoke and have a poor diet. teenaged pregnancy is more common in low achievers. Improved education, improved job prospects and improved exemplar of li ving are the key to improving health.Bibliography friendly Determinants of Health by Michael Marmot and Richard Wilkinson. Oxford 2005.Promoting Health A practical Guide by Linda Ewles and Ina Simnett. Balliere Tindall 2003.Challenging Health Inequalities From Acheson to Choosing Health (Health monastic order). Elizabeth Dowler and Nick J. Spencer. University of Bristol 2007.Footnotes1 World Health Organisation. WHO definition of Health. http//www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html2 Upmy street.com. http//www.upmystreet.com/local/my-neighbours/population/l/Glasgow.html3 DirectGlasgow.co.uk http//www.directglasgow.co.uk/glasgow-information/glasgow-information.asp4 Indices of Deprivation 2007. http//www.communities.gov.uk/communities/neighbourhoodrenewal/deprivation/deprivation07/5 Scottish Index of denary Deprivation. http//www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/SIMD/6 The Black Report. http//www.sochealth.co.uk/history/black.htm7 The Acheson Report. . http//www.archive.offici al-documents.co.uk/document/doh/ih/contents.htm8 Tudor Hart J The inverse care law. lancet 27 Feb 1971. 1(7696)405-12.9 Department of Health. Search on health inequalities. http//www.dh.gov.uk/en/AdvanceSearchResult/index.htm?searchTerms=health+inequalities10 WHO. Commission on Social Determinants of Health Final Report. 2008. http//www.who.int/social_determinants/final_report/en/11 Office of study Statistics. http//www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=88112 Leyland AH, Dundas R, McLoone P, Boddy FA. Inequalities in Health Inequalities in mortality. MRC http//www.inequalitiesinhealth.com/public/index.php?cmd=smartyid=1_len13 Scottish Government Health Directorates. Coronary heart disease/ stroke task force report. September 2001 http//www.sehd.scot.nhs.uk/publications/cdtf/cdtf-05.htm14 National Cancer Intelligence Network. News release. 7th October 2008. http//www.ncin.org.uk/press/UKIM1008press.pdf15 The Scotsman. 10th walk 2003. http//news.scotsman.com/obesity/Glasgow-dig ests-UKs-fattest-city.2409145.jp16 World Health Organisation. 2008. Cancer diet and physical activitys impact. http//www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/cancer/en/17 Leon DA, McCambridge J Liver cirrhosis mortality rates in Britain from 1950 to 2002 an analysis of routine data. Lancet. 2006 Jan 7367(9504)52-6. abstract http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/1639915318 Scottish Public Health Observatory. amiable Health Policy Context. http//www.scotpho.org.uk/home/Healthwell-beinganddisease/MentalHealth/mental_keypolicy.asp19 British Hypertension Society. Proposed Joint British Societies Cardiovascular Disease. http//www.bhsoc.org/resources/prediction_chart.htm20 Department of Health. Health Survey for England 2003. Published December 2004. http//www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsStatistics/DH_409871221 Health Promotion. PatientUK. http//www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/16/22 Office of National Statistics. Variations persist in life expect ancy by social class. October 2007. http//www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/le1007.pdf23 Lucas P, McIntosh K, Petticrew M, Roberts HM, Shiell A. Financial benefits for child health and well-being in low income or socially disadvantaged families in developed world countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. Art. No. CD006358. http//www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab006358.html24 Leverett M, Ashe M, Gerard S, Jenson J, Woollery T. Tobacco use the impact of prices. J Law Med Ethics. 2002 Fall30(3 Suppl)88-95. http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1250850925 Scottish Government. in force(p) and Cost Effective Measures to Reduce Alcohol Misuse in Scotland An Update to the Literature Review. 2005. http//www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/01/20542/5023226 Caraher M, Cowburn G. Taxing food implications for public health nutrition. Public Health Nutr. 2005 Dec8(8)1242-9. Review. http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/1637291927 Bala M, Strzeszynski L, Cahill K. Mass media inte rventions for smoking cessation in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1. Art. No. CD004704. http//www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab004704.html28 Delgado HM, Austin SB. Can media promote responsible sexual behaviors among adolescents and young adults? Curr Opin Pediatr. 2007 Aug19(4)405-10. Review.http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/1763060329 CKS Library. Smoking cessation. 2007. http//www.cks.library.nhs.uk/smoking_cessation30 NICE. Smoking cessation. March 2006 http//www.nice.org.uk/guidance/index.jsp?action=byIDo=1137531 Department of Health. Drug misuse and dependence. UK Guidelines on clinical management. http//www.nta.nhs.uk/areas/Clinical_guidance/clinical_guidelines/docs/clinical_guidelines_2007.pdf32 Kranzler HR, Gage A. Acamprosate efficacy in alcohol-dependent patients summary of results from three pivotal trials. Am J Addict. 2008 Jan-Feb17(1)70-6. Review.http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez /1821472633 Committee on Health Literacy, constitu te of Medicine, Nielsen-Bohlman LN, Panzer AM, Kindig DA, eds. Health Literacy A Prescription to End Confusion. Washington DC The National Academies Press 2004.34 Batty GD, Der G, Macintyre S, et al Does IQ explain socioeconomic inequalities in health? Evidence from a population based cohort study in the west of Scotland. BMJ. 2006 Mar 11332(7541)580-4. Epub 2006 Feb 1. full text http//www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/332/7541/58035 Jefferis BJ, Power C, Graham H, manor O. Changing social gradients in cigarette smoking and cessation over two decades of adult inspection in a British birth cohort. J Public Health (Oxf). 2004 Mar26(1)13-8. http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1504456736 Jha P, Peto R, Zatonski W, Boreham J, Jarvis MJ, Lopez AD. 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Rapid growth of technology

Rapid growth of technologyEXECUTIVE thickIn the current season, the rapid growth of technology, communication and especi totallyy the banging volume of info have led m whatever companies and institutions to use IT systems for the counsel and the safety of information.The main objective of this project is to implement a exhaust security measures cadencys assessment of the private infirmary Elpis. The firms which effectively allocate their resources for the breach understanding of the endangerments they attend, preempt more easily avoid unexpected situations and venthole resources in some other directions and profitable activities (i.e. new investments), that otherwise would have potentially rejected as very dangerous. Therefore, the adoption of procedures that focus on encounter abstract and Management deal substantially help firms to prevent or control risky situations. Once, firms have identified an efficient way to ginmill the relationship between their risk and rewards they could significantly improve their current trading operations or find new profitable activities.This project analyses the risks related to the security of the infirmary Elpis. Specifically, it focuses on the hospital organization, the sources of operational risks and provides detail description of functional technologies that can ensure the watchfulness and control of these risks. The hospital is located in Athens having two other subsidiaries called Mitera in Chalkida. We know that the private hospitals stand in classic aesculapian information cin one causerning their perseverings. The central IT surgical incision is established in Athens dealing with various run much(prenominal) as the patient registration selective information, patient diagnoses, talk termsment of checkup information, other info saving, and so forth On the other hand, the IT department in Mitera hospital is obsolete with expressage faculty to send and receive large volume of entropy . Therefore, this project aims to investigate all the required procedures that can ensure the equity and secretity of medical exam information transmission between the hospitals and the incessant operation of the IT services.Elpis hospital is constituted by five departments the Administrative Department, the Human Recourses Department, and Finance Department, the Secretariat-motion of Patient Department and the IT Department, term Mitera hospital is organized into two departments, the Secretariat-motion of Patient Department and the IT Department. We analyse the IT department of Elpis hospital which employs the head of the IT department, a communicate administrator, a medical softw are system administrator, a database administrator and an information security administrator. Our analysis reveals some rules and practices that can ensure the information safety in the private hospital. likewise, we have recognize significant sources of risk come from the outside(a) environment and individuals that work in the hospital. The results of this report can be used in the improvement of medical information safety and the minimization of the possible risks.Next, we present the potential scientific solutions that the hospital can adopt at a total financial cost of EURO 5000. They include the Intrusion Detection System (IDS), Antivirus, Spyware, Adware and firewall, Implementation of tear 5, automatic fire detection mechanisms, emergency generator UPS, automatic gloriole conditioning control, User polity and Password policy.DETAILED ANALYSIS rendering of the companys IT footIn this section, we present organizational structure of Elpis and Mitera hospitals as salubrious as their packet part of their network. We continuous our analysis using the CRAMM methodology in order to uncover the threats and weaknesses of the IT departments. Finally, we present possible solutions that can face all these risks pertinent with the operation of the IT department. The pr ivate hospital Elpis is located in Athens at a building consist of 3 floors. In the first floor we find the hospitals administration and a reckoner populate with the IT equipment. In the second floor is the pathological and chirurgical clinic, the secretariat of the clinics and the medical library. The three floor accommodates the cardiologic clinic, the secretariat of the clinic and the room of telemedicine. All the offices for each roof are refered to the same LAN.The giving medicational structure of private hospital Elpis is constituted by five departmentsThe Administrative Department has the total administrative accountability of hospital. It applies the strategic decisions and rules which are taken through the administrative council. It aims in the withdraw allocation of responsibilities to employees and to provide the maximum good working environment. It has the accountability for complaints and the effectuation of regulation.The Human Recourses Department Arrange f or any matter relating to the official situation of the hospital module, as well as for the monitoring, organizing and control the personnel of all services of the hospital.The Finance Department the care for the study of the economic needfully of the hospital, and its contribution to preparing the budget of the hospital, making the expenditure, the liquidation of personnel acceptances and remaining compensations, procurement, management and storage of supplies and materials that needed to operate the hospital, the training of balance-sheet and assessment, the responsibility for the safeguarding of hospital bunch and the observation of economic statistical elements.The Secretariat-motion of Patient Department arrange for any matter relating to the organization of secretarial support according with the decisions of management and other services at the hospital. It arranges the publication of tickets for admission of the sick, and compliance with waiting number admission. Also, i t keeps detailed statistics of nursing movement and it grants certificates in the patients, afterwards the submission of recounting lotion.The IT Department has the responsibility for the organisation and operation of calculatorisation, touch and maintenance of computerized statistical data, providing and distribution of information in the services of hospital, in the Ministry of Health, Welfare and affable Welfare and in other relevant bodies and each other relevant work. It is obligated to research new technologies with aim to save m wholenessy and plus productivity of the hospital. It provide good support and training in the employees of hospital for each technology program that using. Also it is trustworthy for the security of IT programs and IT hardware.The IT infrastructure of hospital Elpis consists of waiters which running the medical application or others services and the ability to store all data, the network equipment (switches-Ethernet) which is used for conne cting the computer room-servers and the personal computers of hospital staff and the firewall that is configured from the network administrator and monitor data vocation from the hospital on the Internet with specific criteria. In figure 1 presents the topology of the system.Hardware of infirmary ElpisA Router (1 piece) The Router is a thingmajig which connects the workstation on the network of the hospital. The Router connects the local anesthetic network of the hospital with the internet, using a contract line of 4 Mbps.Firewall (1 piece) The Firewall is a device or computer software that prevents penetration to or from a private network for which it was authorized. The Firewalls can excessively be utilise to hardware and software, or a combination of both(prenominal). It used to monish unauthorized Internet drug users from accessing private networks. Also firewall controls the movement of data for the expanse that is liable.Switch (4 pieces) a hardware device and used to connect contrasting comp anents in the same network. The switches cutting useless Internet traffic and rent you an affordable high-performance network. The switch is can be used for splitting the physical LAN in two subaltern LANs. In network of hospital this switch splits the physical LAN in two small LANs. A central switch is connected with three other switches which connect the workstations. While another switch connects the servers.Database Server (1 peace) Database Server is a device that used by one or more machines as their database. By using a database server users of the hospital have the ability to manage and organize medical dataWeb Server (1 peace) O meshwork server is a computer, allowing other computers to access files that manage, using the HTTP protocol (Hyper textbook Transfer Protocol). Please note that the basic web server administrator has the ultimate control of the server, un swopable a simple user The infirmary uses Apache Server.Mail Server (1 peace) mail agent receives the e-mail from local users (incoming), and offered to vacate on outbound users. A computer dedicated to running such applications is also called a mail server. The depute of medical results from the Mitera hospital to the hospital Elpis made via e-mails.Backup Server (1 peace) A Backup Server is a way to save your crucial medical files into one single two-dimensional file. The best part of Backup Server is its affordable and you can transfer the compressed file onto another computer or hard drive. In addition, backup server has the possibility to administrate the tape backup machine. attach Backup Machine (1 peace) Backup Machine provides the easiest way to backup your hypercritical folders and files allowing access to local and network directories. The disk should be re centerd at stiff intervals and stored in a sheltered place.Workstastion PC (50) Each office holds, one or more desktop pc only for infixed services access and development. software packa ge of Hospital ElpisMicrosoft Exchange Server 2003Windows XP Professional seer 8The Mitera hospital has a Secretariat-motion of Patient Department, the Pathological clinic and the IT department. The medical information (patients data, patient diagnoses, etc.) is exchanged between hospitals with web-hosting or email. The communication as achieved with an ADSL 4 Mbps. The technical characteristics (see figure 2) of Mitera hospital are the same with Elpis hospital.Hardware of Mitera HospitalA Router (1 piece),Firewall (1 piece)Switch (4 pieces)Mail Server (1 peace)Web Server (1 peace) repositing Devices (1) are used to store the medical data. The storage devices are one of the near classical components of the computer system.Workstation Pc (5)StaffMembers of the group go away undertake to conduct the risk analysis in Chalkis hospital. They should be educate in project risk analysis in order to meet their goal. Specifically, the team has the following membersDirector Management He has the overall responsibility for the project in order to succeed. He is responsible for right-hand(a) organization of the team and ultimately responsible for assessing the risk analysis.Chief He is responsible for organizing team members. Has the responsibility to estimate the job each team member. He is responsible for implementing the risk management program.Manager system and informations they have the responsible for the integrity and availability of systems and information trade protection Department they have the responsible for security programs and to identify risks and their eliminate with using the risk analysisSecurity Practitioners they have the responsible for the evaluation of security requirements for each IT systems.Risk AnalysisIn the previous section we described the organizational and informational structure of Elpis and Mitera hospitals. Now, we are describing the assets that are classified into three categories a) software assets, b) hardware assets and c) d ata assets.A system can be characterized as reliable and safe when it is a) confidential provide access only to authorized persons. They have access to important information (medical information, personal patient data), b) availability the service that the IT facilities provide should be incessant, c) integrity the system should be ready at any fourth dimension to provide reliably any information. Also, the information should not change by unauthorized persons.Data assetsThe hospital manages important medical information. Thus, the access to the internal network should not be free and the communication between the hospitals should be characterized by safety and reliability.The data assets of private hospital Elpis can ensure the followingPatient Records patient personal data (patient medical history) staff office Records staff personal dataFinancial Records financial data concerning both hospitalsStatistics records statistical data related to the number of surgeries, patient entra nces, deaths, etc.In this project, we perform a risk analysis and management for two data assets, the patient files and the statistical data.Hardware assetsIn this category, it is classified the physical assets like the equipment facilities, buildings. We focus our analysis on hardware assets. Specifically, the hardware assets of Elpis hospital can be the followingsApplication server It is the most important part of the system. The medical application is installed on the application server where the medical data forming is implemented. Moreover, other staff and financial application are installed on the application server.Database server It makes possible to the different software to ask for information, update and strike down data.Backup server It provide access to different saved data in the system relevant to medical data, patient personal data, staff data, and other general hospital dataMail server It facilitates the interchange of mails between the Elpis hospital and the hosp ital in Chalkida.Also, we perform a risk analysis and management for the most important hardware assets application server and database server.Software assetsThis category of applications contains software that the staff of hospital uses for data processing. The software assets of private hospital Elpis can be divided intoStaff Software They are applications that manage data of hospital staff. They permit new records, withdraw of records and modifications.Patient folders Software These applications manage data relevant to the patients (personal data patient medical history).Data Statistical analysis Software They are applications that process statistical data and help in the creation of annual reports tendency OF COUNTERMEASURESIn the higher up section was realised the analysis for the threats and the vulnerabilities for each assets (figure 3) . In this section we analyze the countermeasures which should be taken for each threat. In addition, we proposed solutions and technical relatively with the physical and hardware section as well as the architectures and security policies. The countermeasures provide be supposed in such leg in order that the hospital working in an error-tolerant.Each employee ordain have the appropriate privileges in system, in relation to the work which he performs. The password policy should be changed. Users must renew the password once a month and use string passwords. For devices that contain important medical information that password should be changed once a week and the rights of the user accounts to be examined by managers every(prenominal) two weeks. As a point of reference the user policy should describe the rules that pass on prevent the user from unratified operations (even if accidental) aiming at the confidentiality of data.The company should implement a backup policy in order to store important medical information (patient file) and data which associated with the company (any company, personal information). The backups are major because theres a danger of losing important data from the disaster of equipment or external threats or by humanity beings error (deliberate or accidental). The backup will be made every day and in time that the workload of the hospital is small. Also it should be created a monthly backup that will be stored in a separate location, in case where the initial copies have been destroyed by a natural disaster or damage of equipment or human error. The storage of data will be realised with technical of bust 5 because the price of the disc is significantly reduced and the costs of implementation Raid 5 is now within most organisms budgets.A measure that must be taken is the readiness of an emergency generator UPS which will ensure continuous operation of IT equipment even if creates problems at the central UPS. Also an emergency generator UPS should be connected with the chilling system of the computer room.In the computer room there is a simple cooling system which may not ensure the proper operation of IT systems. The most effective measure is the installation of an completed cooling system which will have automatic air conditioning control with aim to derogate the risk of a sudden increase in temperature.The confidentiality and the data integrity is an important part of the hospital. The installation of IDS device provides control of the network and impact detection that can come from either inside or outside of hospital and detect violations of security policies. An IDS has the ability to produce reports on the above events.In addition, a measure that must be taken is the installation of completed fire protection equipment in all spaces of the hospital (patient rooms, offices, computer room). The fire system will have the ability to detect warmer or fire and more generally the change in the temperature also in case of emergency the possibility of telephone connection with the local fire station and the police.The education and training o f hospital members in safety, confidentiality and organisation issues should are realised each 2 months. Thus, hospital members acquire sense of touch of personal responsibility and dexterities.Finally, it should be installed Software applications which will protect the network of hospital from malicious programs. The installation of Antivirus Spyware program will take place in server with a view to automatically install and update the antivirus programs on each workstation.CONCLUSIONThe main objective of this report was to evaluate safety in private hospital Elpis with the method of risk analysis. The hospital has implemented some measures for the correct and safe operation of hardware and software but these measures do not cover many of the threats.The most important areas that should provide the hospital are the confidentiality, integrity and availability of data. These areas should be applied to a greater degree in the user policy and the security policy. Also, it should be im plemented specific technologies which ensure in the hospital proper functioning. Access to sensitive patient information and medical research should be protected specifically by unauthorized persons. Finally, it suggested equipment to help in case of emergency.